Monitoring the volatile language of fungi using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleResearchpeer review

Authors

  • Verena Speckbacher
  • Susanne Zeilinger
  • Stefan Zimmermann
  • Christopher A. Mayhew
  • Helmut Wiesenhofer
  • Veronika Ruzsanyi

External Research Organisations

  • University of Innsbruck
  • Tiroler Krebsforschungsinstitut (TKFI)
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Details

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)3055-3067
Number of pages13
JournalAnalytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
Volume413
Issue number11
Early online date6 May 2021
Publication statusPublished - May 2021

Abstract

Fusarium oxysporum is a plant pathogenic fungus leading to severe crop losses in agriculture every year. A sustainable way of combating this pathogen is the application of mycoparasites—fungi parasitizing other fungi. The filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride is such a mycoparasite that is able to antagonize phytopathogenic fungi. It is therefore frequently applied as a biological pest control agent in agriculture. Given that volatile metabolites play a crucial role in organismic interactions, the major aim of this study was to establish a method for on-line analysis of headspace microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) during cultivation of different fungi. An ion mobility spectrometer with gas chromatographic pre-separation (GC-IMS) enables almost real-time information of volatile emissions with good selectivity. Here we illustrate the successful use of GC-IMS for monitoring the time- and light-dependent release of MVOCs by F. oxysporum and T. atroviride during axenic and co-cultivation. More than 50 spectral peaks were detected, which could be assigned to 14 volatile compounds with the help of parallel gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) measurements. The majority of identified compounds are alcohols, such as ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-methyl propanol, 2-methyl butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 1-octen-3-ol. In addition to four ketones, namely acetone, 2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, 3-octanone, and 2-octanone; two esters, ethyl acetate and 1-butanol-3-methylacetate; and one aldehyde, 3-methyl butanal, showed characteristic profiles during cultivation depending on axenic or co-cultivation, exposure to light, and fungal species. Interestingly, 2-octanone was produced only in co-cultures of F. oxysporum and T. atroviride, but it was not detected in the headspace of their axenic cultures. The concentrations of the measured volatiles were predominantly in the low ppbv range; however, values above 100 ppbv were detected for several alcohols, including ethanol, 2-methylpropanol, 2-methyl butanol, 1- and 3-methyl butanol, and for the ketone 2-heptanone, depending on the cultivation conditions. Our results highlight that GC-IMS analysis can be used as a valuable analytical tool for identifying specific metabolite patterns for chemotaxonomic and metabolomic applications in near-to-real time and hence easily monitor temporal changes in volatile concentrations that take place in minutes.

Keywords

    2-Octanone, Fungi, Fusarium oxysporum, Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), Light response, Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs), Mycoparasitism, Secondary metabolites, Trichoderma atroviride

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Cite this

Monitoring the volatile language of fungi using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. / Speckbacher, Verena; Zeilinger, Susanne; Zimmermann, Stefan et al.
In: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 413, No. 11, 05.2021, p. 3055-3067.

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleResearchpeer review

Speckbacher V, Zeilinger S, Zimmermann S, Mayhew CA, Wiesenhofer H, Ruzsanyi V. Monitoring the volatile language of fungi using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2021 May;413(11):3055-3067. Epub 2021 May 6. doi: 10.1007/s00216-021-03242-6
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Download

TY - JOUR

T1 - Monitoring the volatile language of fungi using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry

AU - Speckbacher, Verena

AU - Zeilinger, Susanne

AU - Zimmermann, Stefan

AU - Mayhew, Christopher A.

AU - Wiesenhofer, Helmut

AU - Ruzsanyi, Veronika

N1 - Funding Information: Open access funding provided by University of Innsbruck and Medical University of Innsbruck. This research was supported by the doctoral program BioApp from the University of Innsbruck.

PY - 2021/5

Y1 - 2021/5

N2 - Fusarium oxysporum is a plant pathogenic fungus leading to severe crop losses in agriculture every year. A sustainable way of combating this pathogen is the application of mycoparasites—fungi parasitizing other fungi. The filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride is such a mycoparasite that is able to antagonize phytopathogenic fungi. It is therefore frequently applied as a biological pest control agent in agriculture. Given that volatile metabolites play a crucial role in organismic interactions, the major aim of this study was to establish a method for on-line analysis of headspace microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) during cultivation of different fungi. An ion mobility spectrometer with gas chromatographic pre-separation (GC-IMS) enables almost real-time information of volatile emissions with good selectivity. Here we illustrate the successful use of GC-IMS for monitoring the time- and light-dependent release of MVOCs by F. oxysporum and T. atroviride during axenic and co-cultivation. More than 50 spectral peaks were detected, which could be assigned to 14 volatile compounds with the help of parallel gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) measurements. The majority of identified compounds are alcohols, such as ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-methyl propanol, 2-methyl butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 1-octen-3-ol. In addition to four ketones, namely acetone, 2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, 3-octanone, and 2-octanone; two esters, ethyl acetate and 1-butanol-3-methylacetate; and one aldehyde, 3-methyl butanal, showed characteristic profiles during cultivation depending on axenic or co-cultivation, exposure to light, and fungal species. Interestingly, 2-octanone was produced only in co-cultures of F. oxysporum and T. atroviride, but it was not detected in the headspace of their axenic cultures. The concentrations of the measured volatiles were predominantly in the low ppbv range; however, values above 100 ppbv were detected for several alcohols, including ethanol, 2-methylpropanol, 2-methyl butanol, 1- and 3-methyl butanol, and for the ketone 2-heptanone, depending on the cultivation conditions. Our results highlight that GC-IMS analysis can be used as a valuable analytical tool for identifying specific metabolite patterns for chemotaxonomic and metabolomic applications in near-to-real time and hence easily monitor temporal changes in volatile concentrations that take place in minutes.

AB - Fusarium oxysporum is a plant pathogenic fungus leading to severe crop losses in agriculture every year. A sustainable way of combating this pathogen is the application of mycoparasites—fungi parasitizing other fungi. The filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride is such a mycoparasite that is able to antagonize phytopathogenic fungi. It is therefore frequently applied as a biological pest control agent in agriculture. Given that volatile metabolites play a crucial role in organismic interactions, the major aim of this study was to establish a method for on-line analysis of headspace microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) during cultivation of different fungi. An ion mobility spectrometer with gas chromatographic pre-separation (GC-IMS) enables almost real-time information of volatile emissions with good selectivity. Here we illustrate the successful use of GC-IMS for monitoring the time- and light-dependent release of MVOCs by F. oxysporum and T. atroviride during axenic and co-cultivation. More than 50 spectral peaks were detected, which could be assigned to 14 volatile compounds with the help of parallel gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) measurements. The majority of identified compounds are alcohols, such as ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-methyl propanol, 2-methyl butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 1-octen-3-ol. In addition to four ketones, namely acetone, 2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, 3-octanone, and 2-octanone; two esters, ethyl acetate and 1-butanol-3-methylacetate; and one aldehyde, 3-methyl butanal, showed characteristic profiles during cultivation depending on axenic or co-cultivation, exposure to light, and fungal species. Interestingly, 2-octanone was produced only in co-cultures of F. oxysporum and T. atroviride, but it was not detected in the headspace of their axenic cultures. The concentrations of the measured volatiles were predominantly in the low ppbv range; however, values above 100 ppbv were detected for several alcohols, including ethanol, 2-methylpropanol, 2-methyl butanol, 1- and 3-methyl butanol, and for the ketone 2-heptanone, depending on the cultivation conditions. Our results highlight that GC-IMS analysis can be used as a valuable analytical tool for identifying specific metabolite patterns for chemotaxonomic and metabolomic applications in near-to-real time and hence easily monitor temporal changes in volatile concentrations that take place in minutes.

KW - 2-Octanone

KW - Fungi

KW - Fusarium oxysporum

KW - Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)

KW - Light response

KW - Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs)

KW - Mycoparasitism

KW - Secondary metabolites

KW - Trichoderma atroviride

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U2 - 10.1007/s00216-021-03242-6

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EP - 3067

JO - Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

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ER -

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