TY - JOUR

T1 - From rhizosphere to detritusphere

T2 - Soil structure formation driven by plant roots and the interactions with soil biota

AU - Mueller, Carsten W.

AU - Baumert, Vera

AU - Carminati, Andrea

AU - Germon, Amandine

AU - Holz, Maire

AU - Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid

AU - Peth, Stephan

AU - Schlüter, Steffen

AU - Uteau, Daniel

AU - Vetterlein, Doris

AU - Teixeira, Pedro

AU - Vidal, Alix

N1 - Funding Information: We especially thank the two editors handling our manuscript for their constructive feedback and valuable suggestions that significantly increased the quality and sharpened the focus of the manuscript. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions. We are very grateful for the excellent support during NanoSIMS analyses and image processing by Carmen Hoeschen at Technische Universität München. The authors thank the DFG, German Research Foundation, for the funding in the framework of the priority program 2089 “Rhizosphere spatiotemporal organisation - a key to rhizosphere functions”.

PY - 2024/6

Y1 - 2024/6

N2 - Roots and the associated soil directly affected by root activity, termed the rhizosphere, have both been extensively studied and recognized for their crucial role in soil functioning. The formation of the rhizosphere is primarily driven by the effect of roots on shaping the physical structure of the soil, which in turn has direct feedbacks on the interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes. As a result, the rhizosphere is a hot spot for microbial activity, cycling of nutrients and turnover of organic matter. Despite the pivotal role of soil structure in controlling rhizosphere processes, we still lack a quantitative description and understanding of the interrelationships of root-systems and soil in the creation and stabilization of soil structure. We provide a comprehensive review of current knowledge and novel insights into processes that drive the formation and stabilization of soil structure in the rhizosphere. These processes are regulated by multiple indirect and direct pathways, involving root growth, the production of rhizodeposits and root hairs, as well as the activity of soil microorganisms and fauna. Further, we highlight that rhizosphere processes may persist and evolve after root death to an extent currently largely unknown. Finally, we identify five pertinent challenges that should be addressed to fully apprehend rhizosphere processes and thus harness the potential resilience of plant-soil interactions. These challenges include refining structural assessment and sampling of rhizosheaths, examining the rhizosphere in-situ and bridging the gap between solid phase and pore scale research. In our view, overcoming these obstacles can be accomplished by combining the power of imaging and isotopic approaches, especially at the field scale, encompassing diverse soils and plant species. The ultimate objective of future research should be to upscale rhizosphere processes by conducting more field experiments in concert with modeling efforts, under the umbrella of collaborative interdisciplinary research.

AB - Roots and the associated soil directly affected by root activity, termed the rhizosphere, have both been extensively studied and recognized for their crucial role in soil functioning. The formation of the rhizosphere is primarily driven by the effect of roots on shaping the physical structure of the soil, which in turn has direct feedbacks on the interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes. As a result, the rhizosphere is a hot spot for microbial activity, cycling of nutrients and turnover of organic matter. Despite the pivotal role of soil structure in controlling rhizosphere processes, we still lack a quantitative description and understanding of the interrelationships of root-systems and soil in the creation and stabilization of soil structure. We provide a comprehensive review of current knowledge and novel insights into processes that drive the formation and stabilization of soil structure in the rhizosphere. These processes are regulated by multiple indirect and direct pathways, involving root growth, the production of rhizodeposits and root hairs, as well as the activity of soil microorganisms and fauna. Further, we highlight that rhizosphere processes may persist and evolve after root death to an extent currently largely unknown. Finally, we identify five pertinent challenges that should be addressed to fully apprehend rhizosphere processes and thus harness the potential resilience of plant-soil interactions. These challenges include refining structural assessment and sampling of rhizosheaths, examining the rhizosphere in-situ and bridging the gap between solid phase and pore scale research. In our view, overcoming these obstacles can be accomplished by combining the power of imaging and isotopic approaches, especially at the field scale, encompassing diverse soils and plant species. The ultimate objective of future research should be to upscale rhizosphere processes by conducting more field experiments in concert with modeling efforts, under the umbrella of collaborative interdisciplinary research.

KW - Aggregate formation

KW - Exudation

KW - Microorganisms

KW - Mucilage

KW - Pore scale

KW - Rhizodeposition

KW - Rhizosheath

KW - Root hair

KW - Root legacy

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85188525508&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109396

DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109396

M3 - Review article

AN - SCOPUS:85188525508

VL - 193

JO - Soil Biology and Biochemistry

JF - Soil Biology and Biochemistry

SN - 0038-0717

M1 - 109396

ER -