TY - JOUR

T1 - Implementation of an Open-Source Multiplexing Ion Gate Control for High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HiKE-IMS)

AU - Naylor, Cameron N.

AU - Clowers, Brian H.

AU - Schlottmann, Florian

AU - Solle, Nic

AU - Zimmermann, Stefan

N1 - Funding Information: Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) 318063177 and 458829155. BHC would like to acknowledge support from the NIGMS R01-GM140129. We also want to thank Moritz Hitzemann and Christoph Schaefer for aid in proof reading.

PY - 2023/7/5

Y1 - 2023/7/5

N2 - With ion mobility spectrometry increasingly used in mass spectrometry to enhance separation by increasing orthogonality, low ion throughput is a challenge for the drift-tube ion mobility experiment. The High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometer (HiKE-IMS) is no exception and routinely uses duty cycles of less than 0.1%. Multiplexing techniques such as Fourier transform and Hadamard transform represent two of the most common approaches used in the literature to improve ion throughput for the IMS experiment; these techniques promise increased duty cycles of up to 50% and an increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). With no instrument modifications required, we present the implementation of Hadamard Transform on the HiKE-IMS using a low cost, high-speed (600 MHz), open source microcontroller, a Teensy 4.1. Compared to signal average mode, 7- to 10-bit pseudorandom binary sequences resulted in increased analyte signal by over a factor of 3. However, the maximum SNR gain of 10 did not approach the theoretical 2n-1 gain largely due to capacitive coupling of the ion gate modulation with the Faraday plate used as a detector. Even when utilizing an inverse Hadamard technique, capacitive coupling was not completely eliminated. Regardless, the benefits of multiplexing IMS coupled to mass spectrometers are well documented throughout literature, and this first effort serves as a proof of concept for multiplexing HiKE-IMS. Finally, the highly flexible Teensy used in this effort can be used to multiplex other devices or can be used for Fourier transform instead of Hadamard transform.

AB - With ion mobility spectrometry increasingly used in mass spectrometry to enhance separation by increasing orthogonality, low ion throughput is a challenge for the drift-tube ion mobility experiment. The High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometer (HiKE-IMS) is no exception and routinely uses duty cycles of less than 0.1%. Multiplexing techniques such as Fourier transform and Hadamard transform represent two of the most common approaches used in the literature to improve ion throughput for the IMS experiment; these techniques promise increased duty cycles of up to 50% and an increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). With no instrument modifications required, we present the implementation of Hadamard Transform on the HiKE-IMS using a low cost, high-speed (600 MHz), open source microcontroller, a Teensy 4.1. Compared to signal average mode, 7- to 10-bit pseudorandom binary sequences resulted in increased analyte signal by over a factor of 3. However, the maximum SNR gain of 10 did not approach the theoretical 2n-1 gain largely due to capacitive coupling of the ion gate modulation with the Faraday plate used as a detector. Even when utilizing an inverse Hadamard technique, capacitive coupling was not completely eliminated. Regardless, the benefits of multiplexing IMS coupled to mass spectrometers are well documented throughout literature, and this first effort serves as a proof of concept for multiplexing HiKE-IMS. Finally, the highly flexible Teensy used in this effort can be used to multiplex other devices or can be used for Fourier transform instead of Hadamard transform.

KW - Hadamard transform

KW - ion mobility spectrometry

KW - multiplexing

KW - open-source

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85163332459&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1021/jasms.3c00013

DO - 10.1021/jasms.3c00013

M3 - Article

C2 - 37276587

AN - SCOPUS:85163332459

VL - 34

SP - 1283

EP - 1294

JO - Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry

JF - Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry

SN - 1044-0305

IS - 7

ER -