Adhesion-cohesion balance of prepreg tack in thermoset automated fiber placement: Part 2: Ply-ply cohesion through contact formation and autohesion

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleResearchpeer review

Authors

  • D. Budelmann
  • C. Schmidt
  • L. Steuernagel
  • D. Meiners

External Research Organisations

  • Clausthal University of Technology
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Details

Original languageEnglish
Article number100396
JournalComposites Part C: Open Access
Volume12
Early online date6 Sept 2023
Publication statusPublished - Oct 2023

Abstract

Contact formation and autohesion with respect to their role as the major mechanisms governing the tack between thermoset prepregs in automated fiber placement were explored. Therefore, a novel 90° peel test with strictly separated and individually controllable compaction and debonding phases was employed for experimental tack characterization in a rheometer. Variation of compaction pressure, dwell time and temperature enabled the experimental isolation of contact formation and autohesion influences. The experimentally determined tack, ply-ply contact area and resin viscoelastic characteristics were used to parametrize simplified semi-empirical bond strength sub-models that have originally been developed for thermoplastic composite manufacturing techniques. The model prediction was validated successfully within the experimentally reproducible parameter range. Eventually, manufacturing scenarios for thermoset automated fiber placement (AFP) respecting different lay-up velocities (up to 1 m s−1), compaction pressures (up to 10 N mm−2) and both lay-up and mold temperatures (20–60 °C) were assessed in terms of estimated prepreg tack. The implication of both mechanisms, contact formation and autohesion, in the evolution of prepreg tackiness was found to be able to replicate the bell-shaped tack curves proposed by the adhesion-cohesion balance.

Keywords

    Automated fiber placement, Carbon fiber, Cohesion, interface, Epoxy resin, Prepreg

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Cite this

Adhesion-cohesion balance of prepreg tack in thermoset automated fiber placement: Part 2: Ply-ply cohesion through contact formation and autohesion. / Budelmann, D.; Schmidt, C.; Steuernagel, L. et al.
In: Composites Part C: Open Access, Vol. 12, 100396, 10.2023.

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleResearchpeer review

Budelmann D, Schmidt C, Steuernagel L, Meiners D. Adhesion-cohesion balance of prepreg tack in thermoset automated fiber placement: Part 2: Ply-ply cohesion through contact formation and autohesion. Composites Part C: Open Access. 2023 Oct;12:100396. Epub 2023 Sept 6. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2023.100396
Budelmann, D. ; Schmidt, C. ; Steuernagel, L. et al. / Adhesion-cohesion balance of prepreg tack in thermoset automated fiber placement : Part 2: Ply-ply cohesion through contact formation and autohesion. In: Composites Part C: Open Access. 2023 ; Vol. 12.
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abstract = "Contact formation and autohesion with respect to their role as the major mechanisms governing the tack between thermoset prepregs in automated fiber placement were explored. Therefore, a novel 90° peel test with strictly separated and individually controllable compaction and debonding phases was employed for experimental tack characterization in a rheometer. Variation of compaction pressure, dwell time and temperature enabled the experimental isolation of contact formation and autohesion influences. The experimentally determined tack, ply-ply contact area and resin viscoelastic characteristics were used to parametrize simplified semi-empirical bond strength sub-models that have originally been developed for thermoplastic composite manufacturing techniques. The model prediction was validated successfully within the experimentally reproducible parameter range. Eventually, manufacturing scenarios for thermoset automated fiber placement (AFP) respecting different lay-up velocities (up to 1 m s−1), compaction pressures (up to 10 N mm−2) and both lay-up and mold temperatures (20–60 °C) were assessed in terms of estimated prepreg tack. The implication of both mechanisms, contact formation and autohesion, in the evolution of prepreg tackiness was found to be able to replicate the bell-shaped tack curves proposed by the adhesion-cohesion balance.",
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AU - Budelmann, D.

AU - Schmidt, C.

AU - Steuernagel, L.

AU - Meiners, D.

N1 - Funding Information: The authors are grateful for the financial support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG – German Research Foundation) granted for the research project ‘TackTIC – Tack of Thermoset Impregnated Carbon Fibers’ (project number 458900231 ). The authors also acknowledge the financial support by the Open Access Publishing Fund of Clausthal University of Technology .

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N2 - Contact formation and autohesion with respect to their role as the major mechanisms governing the tack between thermoset prepregs in automated fiber placement were explored. Therefore, a novel 90° peel test with strictly separated and individually controllable compaction and debonding phases was employed for experimental tack characterization in a rheometer. Variation of compaction pressure, dwell time and temperature enabled the experimental isolation of contact formation and autohesion influences. The experimentally determined tack, ply-ply contact area and resin viscoelastic characteristics were used to parametrize simplified semi-empirical bond strength sub-models that have originally been developed for thermoplastic composite manufacturing techniques. The model prediction was validated successfully within the experimentally reproducible parameter range. Eventually, manufacturing scenarios for thermoset automated fiber placement (AFP) respecting different lay-up velocities (up to 1 m s−1), compaction pressures (up to 10 N mm−2) and both lay-up and mold temperatures (20–60 °C) were assessed in terms of estimated prepreg tack. The implication of both mechanisms, contact formation and autohesion, in the evolution of prepreg tackiness was found to be able to replicate the bell-shaped tack curves proposed by the adhesion-cohesion balance.

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