TY - JOUR

T1 - Investigating retrieval strategies in an associative recognition test in working memory

T2 - Evidence from eye movements

AU - Bhanap, Ruhi

AU - Oberauer, Klaus

AU - Rosner, Agnes

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)

PY - 2025/6/7

Y1 - 2025/6/7

N2 - The study examines the retrieval strategies that people engage in during associative recognition in working memory. To this end, we employ eye movements as a tool to track the underlying retrieval processes. Previous work has shown that during retrieval people tend to look back at empty spatial locations where the information was presented at encoding, known as the looking at nothing (LAN) effect. Thus, reflecting which memorandum has been retrieved. In a series of five experiments, we presented participants with four-word pairs at four different locations at encoding. During an immediate retrieval test, they heard two words and were asked to indicate if these two words belonged to the same word pair (positive probe) or not (lure probe). We hypothesized that LAN observed during lure probes will be diagnostic in informing which strategy participants engage in. On the one hand, participants can retrieve a word pair associated with one of the probe words through a pairwise binding. On the other hand, they can retrieve both word pairs based on a parallel comparison to the integrated representation of all the word pairs to perform the task. All experiments supported a retrieval strategy where one word of a pair was used as a cue to retrieve the other, regardless of whether the two probe words were presented with or without an interval, whether the word pairs were encoded in a fixed clockwise order or presented randomly. Additionally, we implemented a measurement model for the timeline of LAN. The onset of the effect is dependent on the inter word interval at retrieval as well as the size and distance between the locations.

AB - The study examines the retrieval strategies that people engage in during associative recognition in working memory. To this end, we employ eye movements as a tool to track the underlying retrieval processes. Previous work has shown that during retrieval people tend to look back at empty spatial locations where the information was presented at encoding, known as the looking at nothing (LAN) effect. Thus, reflecting which memorandum has been retrieved. In a series of five experiments, we presented participants with four-word pairs at four different locations at encoding. During an immediate retrieval test, they heard two words and were asked to indicate if these two words belonged to the same word pair (positive probe) or not (lure probe). We hypothesized that LAN observed during lure probes will be diagnostic in informing which strategy participants engage in. On the one hand, participants can retrieve a word pair associated with one of the probe words through a pairwise binding. On the other hand, they can retrieve both word pairs based on a parallel comparison to the integrated representation of all the word pairs to perform the task. All experiments supported a retrieval strategy where one word of a pair was used as a cue to retrieve the other, regardless of whether the two probe words were presented with or without an interval, whether the word pairs were encoded in a fixed clockwise order or presented randomly. Additionally, we implemented a measurement model for the timeline of LAN. The onset of the effect is dependent on the inter word interval at retrieval as well as the size and distance between the locations.

KW - Associative recognition

KW - Eye movements

KW - Retrieval strategies

KW - Working memory

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105007361300&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106199

DO - 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106199

M3 - Article

VL - 263

JO - Cognition

JF - Cognition

SN - 0010-0277

M1 - 106199

ER -