TY - JOUR

T1 - Challenges and Opportunities of Very Light High-Performance Electric Drives for Aviation

AU - Henke, Markus

AU - Narjes, Gerrit

AU - Hoffmann, Jan

AU - Wohlers, Constantin

AU - Urbanek, Stefan

AU - Heister, Christian

AU - Steinbrink, Jörn

AU - Canders, Wolf Rüdiger

AU - Ponick, Bernd

N1 - Funding information: SWtuidthietsh ceoinmcperlneminegntthaet ipoonsosifbdiliiftfieerse onftafuptpulirceatteiocnhsnotoloagiriecsr,atfht teoflriegphltacrae nhgyedorafualnicesl hecatvreic aalrirecardayft bceoeunl dcormeapclhetoerd obuyt speevreforarml coamcponanvieenst, isouncahl aasi rtchrea fUtnbiuterdn iTnegchfonsosliol gfuieesl .RIensetahricshsCtuednyt,etrh. Leiignhctrweaesigehint egnrearvgiym esttorircabgaet tseyrsytedmens saitrye rcoraudcmiaal pfosrheonwesrgthya etftfhiceierenqtuoipreedralteivoenlafonrda vfliiagthiotndoisfta5n00ceW. Lhi/gkhgtwweiilglhbte erneearcghye dstboyra2g0e2 s5y.sAtetmpsr easreenatl,sdoeimnspitoiertsaonft 2fo5r0etloec3t2r0icW drhiv/eksg, whahvicehbleoewneprrtohdeu tcaekde,-owffhmicahsiss. Tclhouses,tao ftuhteurree qtuasirke ims eton tf.uTrthheerm oopttiivmatiizoeneilnecrterisceadrrcihveinsg anthdi sgsaus btujercbtianree gaeinsebraasteodrs oinn tseigrmnisfi ocaf nthtley preodwuecri ntog weneeigrghyt ursaatigoe.,nCohisaen,gainndgetmheissmionacsh[i2n,3e].dEelesicgtrnifyfirnogmthceopnrvoepnutlisoinoanlopfraiinrccriapflteissptoossmibolreewaitdhvhaynbceridd tseycshtneomlosgoireselweciltlrilcikperlyo paulslosiboen .reFquutuirreed,a lslu-eclhecatsriscuapiercrrcaofntdwuicltlinhgavmeahcihgihnleysdwyinthamhiigche-lteecmtrpicerdartiuvrees swuhpiecrhcoinnsdtauncttloyrsd. evelop torque over a wide range of speeds. The instantaneous development of torque caniAnc creuarsreenste cuunriivtye,rssiutych parsojwechte onfpTeercfohrnmisicnhge aUgnoi-vaerrosuitnädt Bprraoucendscuhrwe.eEiglec(TtrUicBdrraivuensshchavweeaign)o,tthheer Cboelnlaebfiot:rathtievye wReosrekairncdheCpeenntdreen 8t8o0f (tChReCsu8r8ro0)unfudnindgedaibryprDeesusutsrceh. eA Fdodristciohnuanlglys,geelmecetirnicscshyasfttem(DsFaGr)e uinncitreesa sain ngulyminbceor ropfo ruanteivdeirnstitoyoinn-sbtoitaurtdessyisnt eamirsc.raft research. The scope is future aircraft design. DetaiSletduddiaetsa,c ionnclcuedrniningg tutrhbeofpaonsesnibgiilniteies sfoor faa1p00plpicaaxt ipolnasnet,o haavirec raalrfetatdoy rbeepelnacgeathhyedrerda.u Tlihciss hdaavtae caalnreabdeyusbeedenfocromdipmleetnesdiobnyinsgevpeurraplocsoems pofanfuietsu,resueclhecatrsicthaeirUcrnaiftteadnTde cehlencotrliocgpiersopRuelsseiaornc hsyCsteenmtesr . (LFiigghutrwe e2i)g. ht energy storage systems are crucial for energy efficient operation and flight distance. Lightweight energy storage systems are also important for electric drives, which lower the take-off mass. Thus, a future task is to further optimize electric drives and gas turbine generators in terms of the power to weight ratio. Changing the machine design from conventional principles to more advanced technologies will likely also be required, such as superconducting machines with high-temperature superconductors. A current university project of Technische Universität Braunschweig (TU Braunschweig), the Collaborative Research Centre 880 (CRC 880) funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) unites a number of university institutes in aircraft research. The scope is future aircraft design. Detailed data, including turbofan engines for a 100 pax plane, have already been gathered. This data can be used for dimensioning purposes of future electric aircraft and electric propulsion systems (Figure 2).

PY - 2018/2

Y1 - 2018/2

N2 - The demand for alternative fueling methods to reduce the need for fossil fuels is not limited to the electrification of ground vehicles. More-electric and all-electric aircraft pose challenges, with extensive requirements in terms of power density, efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. This paper focuses on electrical machines and their components, especially for high-power applications like the main propulsion. The electrical machine is evaluated from different aspects, followed by a closer look at the components and materials to determine the suitability of the current standard materials and advanced technologies. Furthermore, the mechanical and thermal aspects are reviewed, including new and innovative concepts for the cooling of windings and for the use of additive manufacturing. Aircraft have special demands regarding weight and installation space. Following recent developments and looking ahead to the future, the need and the possibilities for light and efficient electrical machines are addressed. All of the approaches and developments presented lead to a better understanding of the challenges to be expected and highlight the upcoming opportunities in electrical machine design for the use of electric motors and generators in future aircraft. Several prototypes of electrical machines for smaller aircraft already exist, such as the electric drive of the Siemens powered Extra 330LE. The focus of this paper is to provide an overview of current technical possibilities and technical interrelations of high performance electric drives for aviation. A 1 MW drive is exemplified to present the possibilities for future drives for airplanes carrying a larger number of passengers. All presented techniques can also be applied to other drive power classes.

AB - The demand for alternative fueling methods to reduce the need for fossil fuels is not limited to the electrification of ground vehicles. More-electric and all-electric aircraft pose challenges, with extensive requirements in terms of power density, efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. This paper focuses on electrical machines and their components, especially for high-power applications like the main propulsion. The electrical machine is evaluated from different aspects, followed by a closer look at the components and materials to determine the suitability of the current standard materials and advanced technologies. Furthermore, the mechanical and thermal aspects are reviewed, including new and innovative concepts for the cooling of windings and for the use of additive manufacturing. Aircraft have special demands regarding weight and installation space. Following recent developments and looking ahead to the future, the need and the possibilities for light and efficient electrical machines are addressed. All of the approaches and developments presented lead to a better understanding of the challenges to be expected and highlight the upcoming opportunities in electrical machine design for the use of electric motors and generators in future aircraft. Several prototypes of electrical machines for smaller aircraft already exist, such as the electric drive of the Siemens powered Extra 330LE. The focus of this paper is to provide an overview of current technical possibilities and technical interrelations of high performance electric drives for aviation. A 1 MW drive is exemplified to present the possibilities for future drives for airplanes carrying a larger number of passengers. All presented techniques can also be applied to other drive power classes.

KW - Additive manufacturing

KW - All-electric aircraft

KW - Direct liquid cooling

KW - Electric propulsion

KW - Electrical machines

KW - High-performance electric drive

KW - Mechanical modelling

KW - More-electric aircraft

KW - Superconductors

KW - Thermal modelling

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85049638476&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3390/en11020344

DO - 10.3390/en11020344

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85049638476

VL - 11

JO - Energies

JF - Energies

SN - 1996-1073

IS - 2

M1 - en11020344

ER -