Pure State Entanglement and von Neumann Algebras

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Original languageEnglish
Article number296
JournalCommunications in Mathematical Physics
Volume406
Issue number12
Publication statusPublished - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

We develop the theory of local operations and classical communication (LOCC) for bipartite quantum systems represented by commuting von Neumann algebras. Our central result is the extension of Nielsen’s Theorem, stating that the LOCC ordering of bipartite pure states is equivalent to the majorization of their restrictions to arbitrary factors. As a consequence, we find that in bipartite system modeled by commuting factors in Haag duality, (a) all states have infinite single-shot entanglement if and only if the local factors are not of type I, (b) type III factors are characterized by LOCC transitions of arbitrary precision between any two pure states, and c) the latter holds even without classical communication for type III1 factors. In the case of semifinite factors, the usual construction of pure state entanglement monotones carries over. Together with recent work on embezzlement of entanglement, this gives a one-to-one correspondence between the classification of factors into types and subtypes and operational entanglement properties. In the appendix, we provide a self-contained treatment of majorization on semifinite von Neumann algebras and σ-finite measure spaces.

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Pure State Entanglement and von Neumann Algebras. / van Luijk, Lauritz; Stottmeister, Alexander; Werner, Reinhard F. et al.
In: Communications in Mathematical Physics, Vol. 406, No. 12, 296, 30.10.2025.

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T1 - Pure State Entanglement and von Neumann Algebras

AU - van Luijk, Lauritz

AU - Stottmeister, Alexander

AU - Werner, Reinhard F.

AU - Wilming, Henrik

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2025.

PY - 2025/10/30

Y1 - 2025/10/30

N2 - We develop the theory of local operations and classical communication (LOCC) for bipartite quantum systems represented by commuting von Neumann algebras. Our central result is the extension of Nielsen’s Theorem, stating that the LOCC ordering of bipartite pure states is equivalent to the majorization of their restrictions to arbitrary factors. As a consequence, we find that in bipartite system modeled by commuting factors in Haag duality, (a) all states have infinite single-shot entanglement if and only if the local factors are not of type I, (b) type III factors are characterized by LOCC transitions of arbitrary precision between any two pure states, and c) the latter holds even without classical communication for type III1 factors. In the case of semifinite factors, the usual construction of pure state entanglement monotones carries over. Together with recent work on embezzlement of entanglement, this gives a one-to-one correspondence between the classification of factors into types and subtypes and operational entanglement properties. In the appendix, we provide a self-contained treatment of majorization on semifinite von Neumann algebras and σ-finite measure spaces.

AB - We develop the theory of local operations and classical communication (LOCC) for bipartite quantum systems represented by commuting von Neumann algebras. Our central result is the extension of Nielsen’s Theorem, stating that the LOCC ordering of bipartite pure states is equivalent to the majorization of their restrictions to arbitrary factors. As a consequence, we find that in bipartite system modeled by commuting factors in Haag duality, (a) all states have infinite single-shot entanglement if and only if the local factors are not of type I, (b) type III factors are characterized by LOCC transitions of arbitrary precision between any two pure states, and c) the latter holds even without classical communication for type III1 factors. In the case of semifinite factors, the usual construction of pure state entanglement monotones carries over. Together with recent work on embezzlement of entanglement, this gives a one-to-one correspondence between the classification of factors into types and subtypes and operational entanglement properties. In the appendix, we provide a self-contained treatment of majorization on semifinite von Neumann algebras and σ-finite measure spaces.

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