Details
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 4172-4181 |
| Number of pages | 10 |
| Journal | LAB on a chip |
| Volume | 24 |
| Issue number | 17 |
| Publication status | Published - 5 Aug 2024 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Abstract
Effective continuous glucose monitoring solutions require consistent sensor performance over the lifetime of the device, a manageable variance between devices, and the capability of high volume, low cost production. Here we present a novel and microfabrication-compatible method of depositing and stabilizing enzyme layers on top of planar electrodes that can aid in the mass production of sensors while also improving their consistency. This work is focused on the fragile biorecognition layer as that has been a critical difficulty in the development of microfabricated sensors. We test this approach with glucose oxidase (GOx) and evaluate the sensor performance with amperometric measurements of in vitro glucose concentrations. Spincoating was used to deposit a uniform enzyme layer across a wafer, which was subsequently immobilized via glutaraldehyde vapor crosslinking and patterned via liftoff. This yielded an approximately 300 nm thick sensing layer which was applied to arrays of microfabricated platinum electrodes built on blank wafers. Taking advantage of their planar array format, measurements were then performed in high-throughput parallel instrumentation. Due to their thin structure, the coated electrodes exhibited subsecond stabilization times after the bias potential was applied. The deposited enzyme layers were measured to provide a sensitivity of 2.3 ± 0.2 μA mM−1 mm−2 with suitable saturation behavior and minimal performance shift observed over extended use. The same methodology was then demonstrated directly on top of wireless CMOS potentiostats to build a monolithic sensor with similar measured performance. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the combination of spincoating and vapor stabilization processes for wafer scale enzymatic sensor functionalization and the potential for scalable fabrication of monolithic sensor-on-CMOS devices.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Chemical Engineering(all)
- Bioengineering
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
- Biochemistry
- Chemistry(all)
- General Chemistry
- Engineering(all)
- Biomedical Engineering
Cite this
- Standard
- Harvard
- Apa
- Vancouver
- BibTeX
- RIS
In: LAB on a chip, Vol. 24, No. 17, 05.08.2024, p. 4172-4181.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Patterned thin film enzyme electrodes via spincoating and glutaraldehyde vapor crosslinking
T2 - towards scalable fabrication of integrated sensor-on-CMOS devices
AU - Adalian, Dvin
AU - Madero, Xiomi
AU - Chen, Samson
AU - Jilani, Musab
AU - Smith, Richard D.
AU - Li, Songtai
AU - Ahlbrecht, Christin
AU - Cardenas, Juan
AU - Agarwal, Abhinav
AU - Emami, Azita
AU - Plettenburg, Oliver
AU - Petillo, Peter A.
AU - Scherer, Axel
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
PY - 2024/8/5
Y1 - 2024/8/5
N2 - Effective continuous glucose monitoring solutions require consistent sensor performance over the lifetime of the device, a manageable variance between devices, and the capability of high volume, low cost production. Here we present a novel and microfabrication-compatible method of depositing and stabilizing enzyme layers on top of planar electrodes that can aid in the mass production of sensors while also improving their consistency. This work is focused on the fragile biorecognition layer as that has been a critical difficulty in the development of microfabricated sensors. We test this approach with glucose oxidase (GOx) and evaluate the sensor performance with amperometric measurements of in vitro glucose concentrations. Spincoating was used to deposit a uniform enzyme layer across a wafer, which was subsequently immobilized via glutaraldehyde vapor crosslinking and patterned via liftoff. This yielded an approximately 300 nm thick sensing layer which was applied to arrays of microfabricated platinum electrodes built on blank wafers. Taking advantage of their planar array format, measurements were then performed in high-throughput parallel instrumentation. Due to their thin structure, the coated electrodes exhibited subsecond stabilization times after the bias potential was applied. The deposited enzyme layers were measured to provide a sensitivity of 2.3 ± 0.2 μA mM−1 mm−2 with suitable saturation behavior and minimal performance shift observed over extended use. The same methodology was then demonstrated directly on top of wireless CMOS potentiostats to build a monolithic sensor with similar measured performance. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the combination of spincoating and vapor stabilization processes for wafer scale enzymatic sensor functionalization and the potential for scalable fabrication of monolithic sensor-on-CMOS devices.
AB - Effective continuous glucose monitoring solutions require consistent sensor performance over the lifetime of the device, a manageable variance between devices, and the capability of high volume, low cost production. Here we present a novel and microfabrication-compatible method of depositing and stabilizing enzyme layers on top of planar electrodes that can aid in the mass production of sensors while also improving their consistency. This work is focused on the fragile biorecognition layer as that has been a critical difficulty in the development of microfabricated sensors. We test this approach with glucose oxidase (GOx) and evaluate the sensor performance with amperometric measurements of in vitro glucose concentrations. Spincoating was used to deposit a uniform enzyme layer across a wafer, which was subsequently immobilized via glutaraldehyde vapor crosslinking and patterned via liftoff. This yielded an approximately 300 nm thick sensing layer which was applied to arrays of microfabricated platinum electrodes built on blank wafers. Taking advantage of their planar array format, measurements were then performed in high-throughput parallel instrumentation. Due to their thin structure, the coated electrodes exhibited subsecond stabilization times after the bias potential was applied. The deposited enzyme layers were measured to provide a sensitivity of 2.3 ± 0.2 μA mM−1 mm−2 with suitable saturation behavior and minimal performance shift observed over extended use. The same methodology was then demonstrated directly on top of wireless CMOS potentiostats to build a monolithic sensor with similar measured performance. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the combination of spincoating and vapor stabilization processes for wafer scale enzymatic sensor functionalization and the potential for scalable fabrication of monolithic sensor-on-CMOS devices.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85200551880&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1039/d4lc00206g
DO - 10.1039/d4lc00206g
M3 - Article
C2 - 39099534
AN - SCOPUS:85200551880
VL - 24
SP - 4172
EP - 4181
JO - LAB on a chip
JF - LAB on a chip
SN - 1473-0197
IS - 17
ER -