TY - JOUR

T1 - Kinetics of the glass transition of styrene-butadiene-rubber

T2 - Dielectric spectroscopy and fast differential scanning calorimetry

AU - Lindemann, Niclas

AU - Schawe, Jürgen E.K.

AU - Lacayo-Pineda, Jorge

N1 - Funding Information: The authors gratefully acknowledge helpful discussions with D. Wilmer (Novocontrol Technologies), F. Kremer (Universität Leipzig) and A. Karimi (Continental Tires) as well as the permission for publication granted by Continental Tires. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 760907. Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

PY - 2021/2/5

Y1 - 2021/2/5

N2 - The glass transition is relevant for performance definition in rubber products. For extrapolation to high-frequency behavior, time–temperature superposition is usually assumed, although most complex rubber compounds might be outside of its area of validity. Fast differential scanning calorimetry (FDSC) with cooling rates up to 1500 K/s and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) with frequencies up to 20 MHz are applied here to directly access both kinetics and dynamics of glass formation in a wide frequency range. For the first-time, the relation between the thermal vitrification and the dielectric relaxation is studied on vulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber, showing that both cooling rate and frequency dependence of its glass transition can be described by one single Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann-Hesse equation. The results indicate the validity of the Frenkel-Kobeko-Reiner equation. Another focus is the sample preparation of vulcanized elastomers for FDSC and BDS as well as the temperature calibration below 0°C.

AB - The glass transition is relevant for performance definition in rubber products. For extrapolation to high-frequency behavior, time–temperature superposition is usually assumed, although most complex rubber compounds might be outside of its area of validity. Fast differential scanning calorimetry (FDSC) with cooling rates up to 1500 K/s and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) with frequencies up to 20 MHz are applied here to directly access both kinetics and dynamics of glass formation in a wide frequency range. For the first-time, the relation between the thermal vitrification and the dielectric relaxation is studied on vulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber, showing that both cooling rate and frequency dependence of its glass transition can be described by one single Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann-Hesse equation. The results indicate the validity of the Frenkel-Kobeko-Reiner equation. Another focus is the sample preparation of vulcanized elastomers for FDSC and BDS as well as the temperature calibration below 0°C.

KW - dielectric properties

KW - glass transition

KW - kinetics

KW - rubber

KW - thermal properties

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85089296470&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1002/app.49769

DO - 10.1002/app.49769

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85089296470

VL - 138

JO - Journal of applied polymer science

JF - Journal of applied polymer science

SN - 0021-8995

IS - 5

M1 - 49769

ER -