TY - JOUR

T1 - Impact of robot antenna calibration on dual-frequency smartphone-based high-accuracy positioning

T2 - a case study using the Huawei Mate20X

AU - Darugna, Francesco

AU - Wübbena, Jannes B.

AU - Wübbena, Gerhard

AU - Schmitz, Martin

AU - Schön, Steffen

AU - Warneke, André

N1 - Funding Information: The investigations were funded in the framework of the research program Training REsearch and Applications Network to Support the Ultimate Real-Time High-Accuracy EGNSS Solution (TREASURE) project. TREASURE has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 722023. Also, we acknowledge the anonymous reviewers for the valuable contribution to the paper.

PY - 2021/1

Y1 - 2021/1

N2 - The access to Android-based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) raw measurements has become a strong motivation to investigate the feasibility of smartphone-based positioning. Since the beginning of this research, the smartphone GNSS antenna has been recognized as one of the main limitations. Besides multipath (MP), the radiation pattern of the antenna is the main site-dependent error source of GNSS observations. An absolute antenna calibration has been performed for the dual-frequency Huawei Mate20X. Antenna phase center offset (PCO) and variations (PCV) have been estimated to correct for antenna impact on the L1 and L5 phase observations. Accordingly, we show the relevance of considering the individual PCO and PCV for the two frequencies. The PCV patterns indicate absolute values up to 2 cm and 4 cm for L1 and L5, respectively. The impact of antenna corrections has been assessed in different multipath environments using a high-accuracy positioning algorithm employing an undifferenced observation model and applying ambiguity resolution. Successful ambiguity resolution is shown for a smartphone placed in a low multipath environment on the ground of a soccer field. For a rooftop open-sky test case with large multipath, ambiguity resolution was successful in 19 out of 35 data sets. Overall, the antenna calibration is demonstrated being an asset for smartphone-based positioning with ambiguity resolution, showing cm-level 2D root mean square error (RMSE).

AB - The access to Android-based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) raw measurements has become a strong motivation to investigate the feasibility of smartphone-based positioning. Since the beginning of this research, the smartphone GNSS antenna has been recognized as one of the main limitations. Besides multipath (MP), the radiation pattern of the antenna is the main site-dependent error source of GNSS observations. An absolute antenna calibration has been performed for the dual-frequency Huawei Mate20X. Antenna phase center offset (PCO) and variations (PCV) have been estimated to correct for antenna impact on the L1 and L5 phase observations. Accordingly, we show the relevance of considering the individual PCO and PCV for the two frequencies. The PCV patterns indicate absolute values up to 2 cm and 4 cm for L1 and L5, respectively. The impact of antenna corrections has been assessed in different multipath environments using a high-accuracy positioning algorithm employing an undifferenced observation model and applying ambiguity resolution. Successful ambiguity resolution is shown for a smartphone placed in a low multipath environment on the ground of a soccer field. For a rooftop open-sky test case with large multipath, ambiguity resolution was successful in 19 out of 35 data sets. Overall, the antenna calibration is demonstrated being an asset for smartphone-based positioning with ambiguity resolution, showing cm-level 2D root mean square error (RMSE).

KW - Absolute robot antenna calibration

KW - GNSS

KW - Smartphone-based high-accuracy positioning

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85095734680&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1007/s10291-020-01048-0

DO - 10.1007/s10291-020-01048-0

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85095734680

VL - 25

JO - GPS solutions

JF - GPS solutions

SN - 1080-5370

IS - 1

M1 - 15

ER -