Fast, furious, and gassy: Etna's explosive eruption from the mantle

Publikation: Beitrag in FachzeitschriftArtikelForschungPeer-Review

Autoren

  • Anna Barth
  • Maxim Portnyagin
  • Nikita Mironov
  • Francois Holtz
  • Yves Moussallam
  • Estelle F. Rose-Koga
  • Daniel Rasmussen
  • Henry Towbin
  • Helge Gonnermann
  • Euan J.F. Mutch
  • Silvio G. Rotolo
  • Terry Plank

Organisationseinheiten

Externe Organisationen

  • University of California at Berkeley
  • GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
  • Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)
  • Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans (ISTO)
  • Peregrine Advisors
  • Gemological Institute of America (GIA)
  • Rice University
  • Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanoogia (INGV)
  • Nanyang Technological University (NTU)
  • Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO)
  • Columbia University
  • Unversität Palermo
Forschungs-netzwerk anzeigen

Details

OriginalspracheEnglisch
Aufsatznummer118864
Seitenumfang14
FachzeitschriftEarth and Planetary Science Letters
Jahrgang643
Frühes Online-Datum19 Juli 2024
PublikationsstatusVeröffentlicht - 1 Okt. 2024

Abstract

The 3930 BP Fall Stratified (FS) eruption at Mt. Etna is a rare example of a highly explosive eruption of primitive (picritic) magma directly from the mantle. The eruption produced ash plumes up to an estimated 20 km height, leading to a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) 4 (subplinian). Given its volatile-rich and primitive nature, the FS magma may have ascended rapidly from great depths to avoid fractionation and mixing within the extensive plumbing system beneath Etna. To determine the pressures from which the FS magma derived, we perform rehomogenization experiments on melt inclusions hosted in Fo90–91 olivines to resorb shrinkage bubbles and determine the initial H2O and CO2 in the melt. With measured CO2 concentrations of up to 9600 ppm, volatile solubility models yield magma storage pressures of 630–800 MPa. These correspond to depths of 24–30 km, which are comparable to the seismologically estimated Moho. Therefore, the magma's high CO2 concentration must come from carbon in the mantle (likely from subducted carbonates), as opposed to assimilation of shallow (<10 km) crustal carbonates. Diffusion modeling of H2O and forsterite zonation profiles in clear, euhedral, and crystallographically oriented olivines indicates rapid ascent of magma directly from its source region to the surface. Forsterite profiles exhibit a narrow rim of growth zoning but no detectable diffusional zoning, reflecting maximum ascent times of 1–5 days. Eighteen measured H2O profiles result in remarkably uniform decompression rates of 0.47 MPa/s (95% confidence interval of 0.16–1.28 MPa/s), which is among the fastest measured for basaltic-intermediate magmas. These decompression rates indicate that the final stage of magma ascent over the region in which H2O degasses (between the surface and ∼ 15 km) occurred extremely fast at ∼ 17.5 m/s. This eruption may provide a link between primary magma composition and eruption intensity: we propose that the unusually explosive nature of this picritic eruption was driven by high H2O and CO2 concentrations, which led to continuously rapid ascent without stalling, all the way from the Moho.

ASJC Scopus Sachgebiete

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Fast, furious, and gassy: Etna's explosive eruption from the mantle. / Barth, Anna; Portnyagin, Maxim; Mironov, Nikita et al.
in: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Jahrgang 643, 118864, 01.10.2024.

Publikation: Beitrag in FachzeitschriftArtikelForschungPeer-Review

Barth, A, Portnyagin, M, Mironov, N, Holtz, F, Moussallam, Y, Rose-Koga, EF, Rasmussen, D, Towbin, H, Gonnermann, H, Mutch, EJF, Rotolo, SG & Plank, T 2024, 'Fast, furious, and gassy: Etna's explosive eruption from the mantle', Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Jg. 643, 118864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118864
Barth, A., Portnyagin, M., Mironov, N., Holtz, F., Moussallam, Y., Rose-Koga, E. F., Rasmussen, D., Towbin, H., Gonnermann, H., Mutch, E. J. F., Rotolo, S. G., & Plank, T. (2024). Fast, furious, and gassy: Etna's explosive eruption from the mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 643, Artikel 118864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118864
Barth A, Portnyagin M, Mironov N, Holtz F, Moussallam Y, Rose-Koga EF et al. Fast, furious, and gassy: Etna's explosive eruption from the mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2024 Okt 1;643:118864. Epub 2024 Jul 19. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118864
Barth, Anna ; Portnyagin, Maxim ; Mironov, Nikita et al. / Fast, furious, and gassy : Etna's explosive eruption from the mantle. in: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2024 ; Jahrgang 643.
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T2 - Etna's explosive eruption from the mantle

AU - Barth, Anna

AU - Portnyagin, Maxim

AU - Mironov, Nikita

AU - Holtz, Francois

AU - Moussallam, Yves

AU - Rose-Koga, Estelle F.

AU - Rasmussen, Daniel

AU - Towbin, Henry

AU - Gonnermann, Helge

AU - Mutch, Euan J.F.

AU - Rotolo, Silvio G.

AU - Plank, Terry

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2024

PY - 2024/10/1

Y1 - 2024/10/1

N2 - The 3930 BP Fall Stratified (FS) eruption at Mt. Etna is a rare example of a highly explosive eruption of primitive (picritic) magma directly from the mantle. The eruption produced ash plumes up to an estimated 20 km height, leading to a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) 4 (subplinian). Given its volatile-rich and primitive nature, the FS magma may have ascended rapidly from great depths to avoid fractionation and mixing within the extensive plumbing system beneath Etna. To determine the pressures from which the FS magma derived, we perform rehomogenization experiments on melt inclusions hosted in Fo90–91 olivines to resorb shrinkage bubbles and determine the initial H2O and CO2 in the melt. With measured CO2 concentrations of up to 9600 ppm, volatile solubility models yield magma storage pressures of 630–800 MPa. These correspond to depths of 24–30 km, which are comparable to the seismologically estimated Moho. Therefore, the magma's high CO2 concentration must come from carbon in the mantle (likely from subducted carbonates), as opposed to assimilation of shallow (<10 km) crustal carbonates. Diffusion modeling of H2O and forsterite zonation profiles in clear, euhedral, and crystallographically oriented olivines indicates rapid ascent of magma directly from its source region to the surface. Forsterite profiles exhibit a narrow rim of growth zoning but no detectable diffusional zoning, reflecting maximum ascent times of 1–5 days. Eighteen measured H2O profiles result in remarkably uniform decompression rates of 0.47 MPa/s (95% confidence interval of 0.16–1.28 MPa/s), which is among the fastest measured for basaltic-intermediate magmas. These decompression rates indicate that the final stage of magma ascent over the region in which H2O degasses (between the surface and ∼ 15 km) occurred extremely fast at ∼ 17.5 m/s. This eruption may provide a link between primary magma composition and eruption intensity: we propose that the unusually explosive nature of this picritic eruption was driven by high H2O and CO2 concentrations, which led to continuously rapid ascent without stalling, all the way from the Moho.

AB - The 3930 BP Fall Stratified (FS) eruption at Mt. Etna is a rare example of a highly explosive eruption of primitive (picritic) magma directly from the mantle. The eruption produced ash plumes up to an estimated 20 km height, leading to a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) 4 (subplinian). Given its volatile-rich and primitive nature, the FS magma may have ascended rapidly from great depths to avoid fractionation and mixing within the extensive plumbing system beneath Etna. To determine the pressures from which the FS magma derived, we perform rehomogenization experiments on melt inclusions hosted in Fo90–91 olivines to resorb shrinkage bubbles and determine the initial H2O and CO2 in the melt. With measured CO2 concentrations of up to 9600 ppm, volatile solubility models yield magma storage pressures of 630–800 MPa. These correspond to depths of 24–30 km, which are comparable to the seismologically estimated Moho. Therefore, the magma's high CO2 concentration must come from carbon in the mantle (likely from subducted carbonates), as opposed to assimilation of shallow (<10 km) crustal carbonates. Diffusion modeling of H2O and forsterite zonation profiles in clear, euhedral, and crystallographically oriented olivines indicates rapid ascent of magma directly from its source region to the surface. Forsterite profiles exhibit a narrow rim of growth zoning but no detectable diffusional zoning, reflecting maximum ascent times of 1–5 days. Eighteen measured H2O profiles result in remarkably uniform decompression rates of 0.47 MPa/s (95% confidence interval of 0.16–1.28 MPa/s), which is among the fastest measured for basaltic-intermediate magmas. These decompression rates indicate that the final stage of magma ascent over the region in which H2O degasses (between the surface and ∼ 15 km) occurred extremely fast at ∼ 17.5 m/s. This eruption may provide a link between primary magma composition and eruption intensity: we propose that the unusually explosive nature of this picritic eruption was driven by high H2O and CO2 concentrations, which led to continuously rapid ascent without stalling, all the way from the Moho.

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