TY - JOUR

T1 - Cell-to-module factors of perovskite/silicon tandem and silicon single junction mini modules for different module rear sides

AU - Brockmann, T. L.

AU - Blankemeyer, S.

AU - Kirner, S.

AU - Peibst, R.

AU - Wietler, T.

AU - Schulte-Huxel, H.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier B.V.

PY - 2026/3

Y1 - 2026/3

N2 - Module integration is a crucial step to utilize the high power-conversion efficiencies demonstrated on perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells in application. We experimentally investigate optical gains and losses when integrating industrial 2-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells into modules. We compare the optical impact of various module rear sides for perovskite/silicon tandem cells and determine their impact on the cell-to-module factors due to spectral and geometrical effects for the short current density J sc and power-conversion efficiency. We show that the current mismatch between the two tandem subcells changes from cell to module level more strongly due to light scattering from the intercell regions than due to the altered optics in the cell areas. Since the generation in the bottom cell benefits more from light scattering from the intercell regions than the top cell, the current mismatch of our bottom-cell-limited tandems is significantly reduced upon module integration. For white backsheets as rear sides, we achieve cell-to-module gains in J sc for perovskite/silicon tandems of up to +1.3 % rel. Our tandem-adapted cell interconnection and encapsulation process yields low cell-to-module losses in power conversion efficiency down to −1.4 % rel., enabling (test) module efficiencies up to 25.5 % ± 1 %. We benchmark the cell-to-module factors for perovskite/silicon tandem cells against a silicon hetero(single-)junction solar cell. The perovskite/silicon tandems outperform the silicon singlejunctions regarding cell-to-module factors by up to +2 % rel. in J sc and +5 % rel. in efficiency with a white encapsulation material as the module rear.

AB - Module integration is a crucial step to utilize the high power-conversion efficiencies demonstrated on perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells in application. We experimentally investigate optical gains and losses when integrating industrial 2-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells into modules. We compare the optical impact of various module rear sides for perovskite/silicon tandem cells and determine their impact on the cell-to-module factors due to spectral and geometrical effects for the short current density J sc and power-conversion efficiency. We show that the current mismatch between the two tandem subcells changes from cell to module level more strongly due to light scattering from the intercell regions than due to the altered optics in the cell areas. Since the generation in the bottom cell benefits more from light scattering from the intercell regions than the top cell, the current mismatch of our bottom-cell-limited tandems is significantly reduced upon module integration. For white backsheets as rear sides, we achieve cell-to-module gains in J sc for perovskite/silicon tandems of up to +1.3 % rel. Our tandem-adapted cell interconnection and encapsulation process yields low cell-to-module losses in power conversion efficiency down to −1.4 % rel., enabling (test) module efficiencies up to 25.5 % ± 1 %. We benchmark the cell-to-module factors for perovskite/silicon tandem cells against a silicon hetero(single-)junction solar cell. The perovskite/silicon tandems outperform the silicon singlejunctions regarding cell-to-module factors by up to +2 % rel. in J sc and +5 % rel. in efficiency with a white encapsulation material as the module rear.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105020904920&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114027

DO - 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114027

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105020904920

VL - 296

JO - Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

JF - Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

SN - 0927-0248

M1 - 114027

ER -